Sepsis Inflammation and White Cell Count Essay - 2255 Words

This is the case study of Mr. Jones, a 65 year old male, who was admitted to the emergency department with persistent cough and episodes of chest pain over the last five days. He appeared to be experiencing worsening dyspnoea, fever and feeling unwell. It was also noted that he had a poor urine output over the last 24 hours. An indwelling catheter was inserted which only obtained 20 mLs of amber urine. Mr. Jones clinical assessment revealed that his Glasgow Coma Score was 11/15. He was opening his eyes to speech, only making inappropriate words and localizes to pain. He was also pyrexial with a temperature of 39.0 ËšC, diaphoretic with hot peripheries, hypotensive BP 90/45 mmHg (MAP 60 mmHg), and tachyopneic at 30breaths/min and†¦show more content†¦Mr. Jones white cell count is elevated and revealed at 1400 mm while his CRP is also raised. Cytokinines are the one of the primary mediators that signal other cells to release additional mediators such as tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, interferon, leukotrienes, histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, thromboxane A2, serotonin, nitric oxide, arachidonic acid, platelet-activating factor (PAF), oxygen free radicals and myocardial depressant factor (Munford, 2001:67). If the invading organism is a gram negative bacterium, endotoxins are also released, which further stimulate the production of these inflammatory mediators (Jones Bucher, 1999:134). Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is responsible for the disruption of the tight junction between endothelial cells which results in an increased permeability to plasma proteins and fluid, which worsens fluid accumulation in the alveoli further impairing gas exchanged (Bersten Soni, 2009:709). TNF comprises of two different molecules, firstly TNFa which leads to programmed cell death in target cells, and when combined with IL-1 which acts on the central nervous system causing lethargy (Marieb, 2004). TNFB stimulates granulocyte activity and B cell proliferation which shows an increase in neutrophil count (Jean- Baptise, 2007:63). Monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, astrocytes and endothelial cells secrete IL-1 which promotes fever, anorexia,Show MoreRelatedCauses And Treatment Of Sepsis1573 Words   |  7 Pages‘Sepsis’, a lame man might hear of this word and have no clue or whatsoever of what this is – but in the real world it’s not something to be happy about and has been a major issue in the medical field. Sepsis is a complex condition which doesn’t have a specific definition, diagnosis or treatment but one thing the medical practitioners are specific of is the origin. Sepsis is from a Greek word called â€Å"Sepo† which means â€Å"decay† idiomatically known as â€Å"Blood poisoning† (Steen C., 2009). The medicalRead MoreEvaluation Of Open Reduction And Internal Fixation Of Maxillofacial Fractures1559 Words   |  7 Pagesinflammatory markers in diagnosis and monitoring of treatment of infectious complications in post-operative patients[1-4]. Vario us authors have studied markers including (Total leucocyte count) TLC, CRP(C-reactive protein), AST (Aspartate Transaminase) and ALT (Alanine Transaminase) in patients with SIRS and sepsis [5]. Behaviour of inflammatory markers and their correlation to infection in the postoperative phase have been evaluated in various disciplines of surgery. However, similar studies in maxillofacialRead MoreThe Overwhelming Infection of Septic Shock980 Words   |  4 Pageshypotension, altered coagulation, inflammation, impaired circulation at a cellular level, anaerobic metabolism, changes in mental status and multiple organ failure (as sited in Garretson Malberti, Ignatavicius and Workman (2009), â€Å"sepsis is a widespread infection coupled with a more general criteria: body temperature higher than 380C or lower than 360C, heart rate greater than 90 beats per minute, respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths per minutes, and WBC count greater than 12,000/mm or lowerRead MoreSepsis Is Defined As A Severe Infection1370 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Elsevier, â€Å"Sepsis is defined as a severe infection that occurs after bacteremia of gram-negative bacilli (most common) or gram-p ositive cocci. Septic shock is mediated by a complex interaction of hormonal and chemical substances through an immune system response to bacterial endotoxins†. http://pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/978-0-323-09137-4/id/B9780323091374000059_p16455. Sepsis occurs when the body becomes infected with an infection that takes over the entire circulatory system andRead MoreSepsis : A Systemic And Response Of The Immune System1244 Words   |  5 PagesSepsis Sepsis is a systemic over response of the immune system, due to an infection that the body tries to fight. This leads to reduced blood flow to vital organs such as the kidneys and the heart, which often results in multiple organ failure with the possibility of death. Sepsis can develop into septic shock which is the point where the patient’s blood pressure drops to a dangerous level due to the presence of bacteria in the body. Patients diagnosed with sever sepsis have a 20-30% chance of deathRead MoreSepsis Early Detection and Treatment1132 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: SEPSIS DETECTION AND TREATMENT Sepsis Early Detection and Treatment Steven H. Gregory Chamberlain College of Nursing March28, 2009 Sepsis Early Detection and Treatment Severe Sepsis affects 750,000 Americans and causes more than 200,000 deaths annually. Sepsis is a complex condition that results from an infectious process that represents the bodys response to infection and involves systemic inflammatory and cellular events that result in altered circulation and coagulationRead MoreSepsis5688 Words   |  23 PagesRunning Head: Sepsis 1 Sepsis: A Clinical Case Study Example Conestoga College Running Head: Sepsis 2 Abstract Sepsis is an inflammatory systemic response to infection. The symptoms are produced by the host’s defense systems rather than by the invading pathogens (Schouten et al., 2008). Sepsis is a frequent cause of admission to intensive care units (ICUs) and it is one of the leading causes of death among hospitalized patients (Alberti et al., 2003). It is a public healthRead MoreAppendicitis Case Study1950 Words   |  8 PagesIn the absence of surgical facilities, intravenous antibiotics are used to delay or avoid the onset of sepsis; it is now recognized that many cases will resolve when treated non-operatively. In some cases the appendicitis resolves completely; more often, an inflammatory mass forms around the appendix. This is a relative contraindication to surgery. APPENDICITIS Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix. It is thought that appendicitis begins when the opening from the appendix into the cecumRead MoreA Short Note On Chronic Inflammatory Disease And Its Effect On The Body s Immune System1567 Words   |  7 PagesSLE is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs when your body’s immune system attacks your own tissues and organs. There are different body systems effected such as joints, skin, blood cells, brain, kidneys, heart and lungs. Some may have only a few joints affected, where others may have multiple joints affected. The small joints of the hands and feet tend to be the most common affected. Joint stiffness is common and is usually worse in the morning. Mild joint swelling may occur but severe arthritisRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Sepsis2113 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening complication caused by the body’s response to an infection. Our immune system protects us against threats, which include viruses, bacteria and parasites that cause infectious diseases. Our immune system responds by triggering an inflammatory response to bacteria in the blood. However, with sepsis the response is massive and the inflammation that occurs can cause a ripple effect of changes that may lead to damage of multiple organ systems, causing